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You should also be aware of the limitations of working with ACLs, such as the fact that ACLs are not cumulative (which is also the case for the normal Linux permissions). Let s imagine the not-so-realistic situation in which user stacey is the owner of a file and has only read permission. She is also a member of the group sales, which is a trustee of the same file and has read-write permission. So, when the permissions for this user are calculated, she will not have both read and write. When determining the effective permission, the operating system will check if she is the owner of the file. She is, and so the operating system will look no further and the permissions for the owner are applied. The permissions for the group are ignored. The problem of nonaccumulation becomes even more complex if a process belongs to more than one group. When determining group rights, the group from which the process will get its rights is selected randomly.

After all, what else can it do if told there will be no more input Although it might not seem very useful for day-to-day work, Ctrl+D is vital for programs that expect you to enter data at the command line You might run into these as you explore BASH If you ever read in a man page that a program requires an EOF message during input, you ll know what to press..

We can represent this model by introducing a new table, Team, into our database. The top relationship can be represented by including a foreign key field Manager in the Team table, and the bottom relationship can be represented by including a foreign key field Team in the Member table. Some sample rows from the two tables (with some of the columns in Member hidden) are shown in Figure 6-2.

Another problem when working with ACLs is that many applications still don t support them. For example, most backup applications cannot handle ACLs, and your database probably doesn t either. However, changes are coming, and some applications have begun supporting ACLs. One of these is the Samba file server, which uses ACLs extensively to emulate the working of Windows rights (check 10 for complete coverage of this server). Also, some of the basic Linux utilities such as cp, mv, and ls currently support ACLs. However, you should always check that the utility you want to use supports ACLs before you start using it.

The original hackers who invented the tools used under UNIX hated waiting around for things to happen. After all, being a hacker is all about finding the most efficient way of doing any particular task. Because of this, the BASH shell includes many features designed to optimize the user experience. The most important of these is the command history. BASH remembers every command you enter (even the ones that didn t work!) and stores them as a list on your hard disk.

During any BASH session, you can cycle through this history by using the up and down arrow keys. Pressing the up arrow key takes you back into the command history, and pressing the down arrow key takes you forward. The potential of the command history is enormous. For example, rather than retype that long command that runs a program with command options, you can simply use the cursor keys to locate it in the history and press Enter.

When working with permissions, there s always a combination between a user or group object and the permissions that these user or group objects have on a file or directory. An alternate but seldom used method of securing files on a Linux system is to work with attributes. Attributes do their work regardless of the user who accesses the file. Of course, the difference is that the owner of a file can set file attributes, whereas other users (except for the almighty root) cannot. For file attributes as well, an option must be provided in /etc/fstab before they can be used. This is the user_xattr option that can be seen in the fstab example in Listing 5-7. Here s a list of the useful attributes that can be applied: A: This attribute ensures that the file access time of the file is not modified. Normally, every time a file is opened, the file access time must be written to the file s metadata, which slows system performance. So, on files that are accessed on a regular basis, the A attribute can be used to disable this feature.

Tip Typing !-3 will cause BASH to move three paces back in the history file and run that command. In other words, it will run what you entered three commands ago.

relationships in Figure 6-1